Marx, Karl
German philosopher, critic of political economy, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at the universities of Bonn and Berlin. He married German theatre critic and political activist Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his writings, researching in the British Museum Reading Room. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1883). Marx's political and philosophical thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual, economic and political history. His name has been used as an adjective, a noun, and a school of social theory.
Marx's critical theories about society, economics, and politics, collectively understood as Marxism, hold that human societies develop through class conflict. In the capitalist mode of production, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by selling their labour-power in return for wages.[14] Employing a critical approach known as historical materialism, Marx predicted that capitalism produced internal tensions like previous socioeconomic systems and that those would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the socialist mode of production. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism—owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature—would eventuate the working class's development of class consciousness, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a free association of producers.[15] Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised proletarian revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.[16]
Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and his work has been both lauded and criticised.[17] His work in economics laid the basis for some current theories about labour and its relation to capital.[18][19][20] Many intellectuals, labour unions, artists, and political parties worldwide have been influenced by Marx's work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas. Marx is typically cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science.[21][22]
초기 마르크스:
철학적, 사변적, 휴머니즘적 요소 강조. "경제학 철학 수고"와 "독일 이데올로기"가 대표작.
후기 마르크스:
1846년 이후 실증적이고 과학적인 경향을 띈다. "공산당 선언"과 "정치경제학 비판"을 위하여, 그리고 "자본" 등이 대표작.
마르크스주의 3가지 분류:
1) 정통 마르크스주의
2) 인간주의적 마르크스주의
3) 구조주의적 마르크스주의
자본의 주 내용: 자본의 생산 과정, 자본의 유통 과정, 자본주의적 생산의 총과정
자본의 초고(정치경제학 비판 요강, Grundrisse)은 자본, 토지 소유, 임금 노동, 국가, 외국 무역, 세계 시장으로 6장으로 나누려 했다.
잉여가치:
이윤율 저하 경향:
초기 공상적 사회주의가들: Robert Owen(1771-1858), Charles Fourier(1772-1837), Saint-Simon(1760-1825)