Friedrich Nietzsche
Beyond Good and Evil
The parable 11 spoke about Kant. He rather ridiculed Kant on his assurance on the possibility of the idea of "synthetic a priori". He also ridiculed German Romanticists such as Hegel, Hölderlin, and Schelling for taking on this idea very seriously to the point of rephrasing it "intellectual intuition". He also made fun of German People for their foolishness and morality for they were susceptible to the influence of Romanticists before the time of Germany where came a real politician like Kaiser who understood how to play the political game without morality. Apart from all the mockery of Germans, synthetic a priori from Nietzsche's perspective should be something impossible in order to serve its true purpose, the purpose of life-preservation. People need belief in order to live. If what people believe in is actually true, it would pointless. It must be false and impossible in order for the belief to stand.
What wicked truth. But in order for me to think that statement by Nietzsche to be true, it would also have to be false. Does it then go in an infinite loop of falsehood?
Parable 12 talks about atomism, not particularly the atom as matter though also not excluding it, but rather as a world view. Old psychologists used to not question the idea of an indivisible and constant element, such as "soul," but in Nietzsche's view, this is wrong and everything is subject to change, even "soul." Old psychologists would be idealists people like Plato, Kant, and Decartes, whereas new psychologists would be empiricists like Freud and Wundt.
Parable 13 emphasises "will to power" as in "expression or release," not mere "survival" as human instinct. He critiques Spinoza in the same vein as his critique of the old psychologists in the previous parable. Spinoza, on the one hand rejected the traditional anthropocentric view of God, but on the other, accepted the teleological(goal-oriented) view of Nature. To Nietzsche, even teleology is human projection on to an indifferent world.